Mechanical Modeling and Characterization of Human Skin: A Review

<p> <p id="x-x-sp0005"> This paper reviews the advances made in recent years on modeling approaches and experimental techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of human skin. The skin is the largest organ of the human body that has a complex multi-layered structure with different mechanical behaviors. The mechanical properties of human skin play an important role in distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy skin. Furthermore, knowing these mechanical properties enables computer simulation, skin research, clinical studies, as well as diagnosis and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/patient-monitoring" title="Learn more about treatment monitoring from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages"> treatment monitoring </a> of skin diseases. This paper reviews the recent efforts on modeling skin using linear, nonlinear, viscoelastic, and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/anisotropic" title="Learn more about anisotropic from ScienceDirect's AI-generated Topic Pages"> anisotropic </a> materials. The work also focuses on aging effects, microstructure analysis, and non-invasive methods for skin testing. A detailed explanation of the skin structure and numerical models, such as finite element models, are discussed in this work. This work also compares different experimental methods that measure the mechanical properties of human skin. The work reviews the experimental results in the literature and shows how the mechanical properties of human skin vary with the skin sites, the layers, and the structure of human skin. The paper also discusses how state-of-the-art technology can advance skin research. </p></p>